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We launch this Podcast with Columbus’ arrival to the “New World.” This event issued forth the “Age of Discovery.” Although we were taught Columbus was in search of spices, he was actually sailing under 15<sup>th</sup> century Papal edicts known as the Doctrines of Christian Discovery [DOCD], decreeing that explorers were “…to invade, search out, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens [Muslims] and pagans whatsoever, and other enemies of Christ…to reduce their persons to perpetual slavery,…[and] convert them to his use and profit…”

Following the fall of Constantinople, these Papal Bulls were issued to legitimate Portugal’s exploits in extracting gold in West Africa and capturing slaves. By 1492, the Trans-Atlantic slave trade began with Columbus’ first crossing. The DOCD established the spiritual justification to bring the world under total dominion of the Church. The patriarchal hierarchy was constituted under an Almighty Supreme God at the helm—thus giving the Church full access to the world’s resources, by having dominion over Indigenous Peoples, their lands, and destruction of their cultures.

These Christian decrees soon became the legal principle used during the Protestant Reformation, by giving credence to any Protestant claim to Indigenous lands in the Americas. By 1823, the DOCD was codified into US property law by the Supreme Court in [Johnson v M’Intosh](https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/johnson-v-mcintosh/). As recently as 2005, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg upheld the DOCD in her written majority opinion against the Oneida in; [City of Sherrill v Oneida Nation](https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/sherrill-v-oneida-opinion-of-the-court/).

Following 15<sup>th</sup> century Christian imperialism, through to the 19<sup>th</sup> century formulation of US law, we are able to identify today, how the DOCD continues to be utilized all over the world by multi-national corporations. Corporations who continue to justify resource extraction through the seizure and destruction of Indigenous lands, and who perpetrate cultural genocide through  the 15<sup>th</sup> century fiction of “terra nullius”— empty land, and under the guise of economic development.

The goal of this Podcast is to help identify these systems of domination that have been sustained by greed and power, through the subjugation of human beings and the natural world.

## Sponsors

*   [Henry Luce Foundation](https://www.hluce.org/)

*   [Syracuse University Engaged Humanities](https://thecollege.syr.edu/engaged-humanities/)

*   [Syracuse University Department of Religion](https://thecollege.syr.edu/religion/)

*   [Indigenous Values Initiative](https://indigenousvalues.org/)

*   [American Indian Law Alliance](http://aila.ngo/)

## Credits

*   Onondaga Social Dance songs performed by Orris Edwards and Regis Cook

*   Hosts: [Philip P. Arnold and Sandy Bigtree](https://indigenousvalues.org/about/our-team/)

*   Producers: [Jordan Loewen-Colón](https://www.jordanbradyloewen.com/) and [Adam DJ Brett](https://adamdjbrett.com/)


About

Thank you for your interest in the Doctrine of Discovery Project you can contact us at <info@doctrineofdiscovery.org>


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[Download a transcript of Episode 0 as a PDF](/pdfs/Episode-0-Introducting-Mapping-The-Doctrine-of-Discovery-Transcript-rev2.pdf)


We begin this episode with a [land acknowledgement](/land/). Our hosts Prof. [Philip P. Arnold and Sandy Bigtree (Mohawk Nation)](https://indigenousvalues.org/about/our-team/) begin by explaining the need for and importance of this podcast and how they hope it will be a helpful educational resource for college classrooms.

To begin mapping [The Doctrine of Discovery](https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/) our hosts start by discussing the iconic, Christopher Columbus. A man who literally embodies the Doctrine of Discovery. His voyage was funded by the Roman Catholic Church and the Crowns of Europe. A series of [papal bulls](https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/papal-bulls/) provided the theological and legal justifications for the European settler-colonizers to feel comfortable participating in Enslavement, Exploitation, and Extraction (Steven T. Newcomb’s _Pagans in the Promised Land_ helps to explain this helpful summary of the Papal Bulls).

Moving forward in the historical discussion Arnold and Bigtree ask how do a series of Papal Bulls become codified in U.S. law and religion and why are they so important today? They turn our attention to [Johnson v. M’Intosh (1823).](https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/johnson-v-mcintosh/) In this Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) ruling Chief Justice John Marshall codifies the Papal Bulls along with various treaties, and land patents into what is now known as the Doctrine of Discovery. Our hosts suggest that it is more accurate to speak of it as the Doctrine of Christian Discovery or the Christian Doctrine of Discovery because while Marshall seeks to downplay Christianity; nonetheless the Doctrine of Discovery is profoundly Christian. Continuing to focus on the legal dimension of the doctrine we move forward to the [2005 Sherrill v. Oneida case](https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/sherrill-v-oneida-opinion-of-the-court/). Noted liberal justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg authors the court’s decision and in footnote 1 writes:

Under the “doctrine of discovery,” County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of N. Y…. “fee title to the lands occupied by Indians when the colonists arrived became vested in the sovereign–first the discovering European nation and later the original States and the United States,” Oneida Indian Nation of N. Y. v. County of Oneida… In the original 13 States, “fee title to Indian lands,” or “the pre-emptive right to purchase from the Indians, was in the State…” Both before and after the adoption of the Constitution, New York State acquired vast tracts of land from Indian tribes through treaties it independently negotiated, without National Government participation…

Ginsburg’s footnote further illustrates how the Doctrine of Christian Discovery is foundational to U.S. property law and is supported by SCOTUS across the religious and political spectrum.

Turning from law Arnold and Bigtree move on to examining the religious dimensions of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery. To understand how the doctrine functions, one must understand how it combines Christianity and law together in an attempt to undermine Indigenous sovereignty. The Doctrine of Christian Discovery is not only about law and land but also about religious observance and the separation between church and state. Bigtree puts it eloquently:

  > The Doctrine of Discovery justified the conversion of native people. When they came into Haudenosaunee territory, specifically Onondaga, they arrived with a deed to 600 square miles of land, right in the heart of Onondaga Nation territory. This is sacred land. It’s a sacred lake where thousands of years ago, a peacemaker came and provided the instructions on how separate Indian Nations could unite under this law of peace, these principles of peace (00:12:47).

Highlighting the circulation of power and influence Arnold and Bigtree talk about how the Doctrine of Christian Discovery has impacted Deyhontsigwa’ehs/lacrosse, (00:17:50).

Returning to the religious dimensions of the Doctrine of Discovery, Prof. Arnold defines the Doctrine of Christian Discovery as **theology of conquest**. A theology of conquest is:

  > So, this is what we refer to as the theology of conquest and the deep cultural factors in our society today that are driving us towards the end \[i.e., the Apocalypse\] have their root in the Doctrine of Discovery. And even though it has been traumatic for so many people around the world, it’s been \[more\] traumatic for Indigenous Peoples around the world, it’s what motivated the assimilationist movement in the 20th century, where various Christian denominations were setting up Indian boarding schools around the world but particularly here in the United States and Canada (22:39).

Having defined and discussed the theology of conquest which animated the Doctrine of Christian Discovery, Arnold and Bigtree place it in juxtaposition with Indigenous values and religions (a concept which is complicated for Indigenous nations 00:31:48). After an important comparison and contrast between Haudenosaunee values and a Christian theology of conquest, Arnold and Bigtree move on to how the theology of conquest becomes part of the economy and consumerism (00:44:19). The theology of conquest and its profit economy are in contradistinction to the Indigenous gift economy.

The episode concludes with a discussion of the impact of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery on sovereignty and the uniqueness of Onondaga Nation as a sovereign nation still using their traditional system of governance, speaking their language, travelling on their own passports, and flourishing despite the Doctrine of Discovery and settler colonization. Vine Deloria, Jr. (Standing Rock Sioux) once remarked that Onondaga Nation provides a clear example of a path forward (00:49:48) because of Onondaga Nation continuing to uphold their treaties and hold the U.S. and Canada accountable.

By way of conclusion Arnold and Bigtree return to the root causes of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery and its exploitation, extraction, enslavement and how churches and religious organizations are working to repudiate the Doctrine of Christian Discovery and hold their religious organizations accountable.

## **Discussion questions**

*   What is the Doctrine of Discovery?
*   When does the Doctrine of Discovery begin?
*   Where is the Doctrine of Discovery operative today?
*   How is the Doctrine of Discovery religious and legal?
*   How does a theology of conquest inform the Doctrine of Christian?

## **Key Terms and Concepts**

*   [Deyhontsigwa’ehs (lacrosse)](https://indigenousvalues.org/contributions/lacrosse/)
*   Creation twins, (Cf. _The Gift of Sports_)
*   Theology of Conquest (00:22:39)
*   [The Good Mind](https://indigenousvalues.org/haudenosaunee-values/power-good-mind/)
    *   Men of the Good Mind (_Royanie_ in Mohawk)
*   Haudenosaunee Confederacy
    *   Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. Later the Tuscarora nation joined.
*   Gift Economy, (Cf. _The Gift of Sports_)

## **Key People**

*   [Tadodaho Sidney Hill](https://indigenousvalues.org/mother-earths-pandemic-speaker-bios/)
*   [Onondaga Nation Turtle Clan Faithkeeper Oren Lyons](https://news.syr.edu/blog/2020/07/29/oren-lyons-58-h93-headlines-august-conversations-about-the-doctrine-of-discovery/)
*   [Vine Deloria, Jr.](https://www.colorado.edu/law/vine-deloria-jr)
*   [Steven T. Newcomb](https://originalfreenations.com/)

## **Resources**

*   [American Indian Law Alliance](http://aila.ngo/)
*   [Indigenous Values Initiative](https://indigenousvalues.org/)
    *   [Mother Earth's Pandemic: The Doctrine of Discovery](https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/event/education/mother-earths-pandemic/) a landmark conference on the Doctrine of Christian Discovery.
*   [Doctrine of Discovery](https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/)
    *   [Papal Bulls](https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/papal-bulls/)
    *   [Doctrine of Discovery in Law](https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/faith-communities/)
    *   [Doctrine of Discovery at the UN](https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/united-nations/)
    *   [Repudiating the Doctrine of Discovery](https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/faith-communities/)
*   [Onondaga Nation](https://www.onondaganation.org/)
    *   [Learn more about Onondaga Nation reading the Neighbors of Onondaga Nation booklet (PDF)](https://indigenousvalues.org/product/noon-digital/)
*   Philip P. Arnold, _[The Gift of Sports](https://titles.cognella.com/the-gift-of-sports-9781621310471.html)_, (San Diego: Cognella, 2012)
*   Steven T. Newcomb _[Pagans in the Promised Land](https://www.chicagoreviewpress.com/pagans-in-the-promised-land-products-9781555916428.php)_ (Chicago: Chicago Review Press Fulcrum, 2008).
*   Sheldon Wolfchild (Dakota) and Steven T. Newcomb (Shawnee/Lenape) [_The Doctrine of Discovery: Unmasking the Domination Code_](https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/the-doctrine-of-discovery-unmasking-the-domination-code/)
*   [Three Sisters Gardening](https://gardening.cals.cornell.edu/lessons/curricula/the-three-sisters-exploring-an-iroquois-garden/)
*   [Sullivan Clinton Campaign](https://www.sullivanclinton.com/)
*   Amazonian topsoil
    *   Silva, L.C.R., Corrêa, R.S., Wright, J.L. \__et al.\__A new hypothesis for the origin of Amazonian Dark Earths. \__Nat Commun_\_ **12,** 127 (2021). [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467–020–20184–2](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467–020–20184–2)
*   [Why Removing Columbus Matters: From Foundational Narratives of Domination to Inclusivity](https://www.aprilonline.org/why-removing-columbus-matters/), _The Commons_, The Association for Public Religion and Intellectual Life, 2021.
*   [Forming a “More Perfect Union” Through Indigenous Values](https://orionmagazine.org/2020/09/forming-a-more-perfect-union-through-indigenous-values/), _Orion Magazine_, 2020.
*   [How the Haudenosaunee The Great Law of Peace Influenced the Founding of the US](https://www.pbs.org/native-america/blogs/native-voices/how-the-iroquois-great-law-of-peace-shaped-us-democracy/) via PBS

## Credits
- **Music**: Onondaga Social Dance songs performed by Orris Edwards and Regis Cook
- Producers: Jordan Loewen-Colón and Adam DJ Brett


## Suggested Citation
Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, "Episode 0 - Introduction to Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery Podcast," _Mapping The Doctrine of Discovery_ (Podcast), February 12, 2022. https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/episodes/episode-0/.


Our hosts (Philip P. Arnold & Sandy Bigtree) introduce the concept of the Doctrine of Discovery and give some of the keywords for the podcast

Episode 0 - Introduction to Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery Podcast

Our hosts (Philip P. Arnold & Sandy Bigtree) speak with Onondaga Nation General Counsel Joe Heath.

Episode 01: The Legal Framework of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery in Practice

List of episodes in order

![Onondaga Lake East Shoreline](/images/onondaga-lake-east-shoreline.jpg)

We begin by acknowledging with respect the Onondaga Nation, Central Fire of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, on whose ancestral lands we now inhabit. Wherever you are located be aware of the Indigenous Peoples on whose lands you reside. We are mindful that the technology that makes this conference possible comes from the mineral extraction by multinational corporations, which decimate and displace Indigenous people and their land all over the world. May the information you glean from this podcast motivate you to uphold Indigenous values, protect Mother Earth, Honor Indian Treaties and hold your government and various institutions accountable who stand in the way.


Land Acknowledgement

This work is licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


License

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Last Edited on 2021-08-10


Privacy Policy


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Nullam hendrerit dictum vehicula. Nunc nec tortor et dui vestibulum venenatis. Donec mattis ligula ac efficitur lacinia.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Donec pretium vulputate sapien nec sagittis aliquam. Turpis massa sed elementum tempus egestas sed sed. Orci a scelerisque purus semper eget duis at tellus at. Lacus luctus accumsan tortor posuere ac. 

> Ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit ut aliquam purus. Ultrices sagittis orci a scelerisque purus semper eget duis. Pharetra pharetra massa massa ultricies. Felis eget nunc lobortis mattis aliquam.

In cursus turpis massa tincidunt. Tempor nec feugiat nisl pretium. Odio aenean sed adipiscing diam. Ut aliquam purus sit amet luctus venenatis lectus magna fringilla. Justo laoreet sit amet cursus sit amet dictum. Turpis tincidunt id aliquet risus feugiat in ante metus.

In non tempus urna, non blandit nisl. Phasellus aliquam, tellus et lobortis dictum, justo turpis placerat est, sed luctus nunc elit eu odio. Phasellus imperdiet, nulla a elementum tempor, nisi elit tincidunt dolor, eget venenatis metus libero et elit.

Vivamus tempus ornare urna, eget imperdiet quam venenatis ac. Donec fermentum massa id aliquet vulputate. Nam vestibulum ornare est, sed tincidunt mauris interdum a. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Pellentesque sit amet arcu sed risus vehicula fermentum sit amet a neque. Sed imperdiet lacinia magna sit amet dapibus. Orci varius natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Aenean non purus a quam placerat luctus. Proin orci risus, lobortis ut dictum at, gravida at nulla. 

## Unordered and Ordered Lists

+ Donec non tortor in arcu mollis feugiat
+ Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit
+ Donec id eros eget quam aliquam gravida
+ Vivamus convallis urna id felis
+ Nulla porta tempus sapien

***

1. Donec non tortor in arcu mollis feugiat
2. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit
3. Donec id eros eget quam aliquam gravida
4. Vivamus convallis urna id felis
5. Nulla porta tempus sapien

## Code Blocks

Blocks of code are either fenced by lines with three back-ticks, or are indented with four spaces.

```
let sequence = [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13];
for (let i = 0; i < sequence.length; i++) {
  console.log(sequence[i]);
}
```

## Inline Elements

Emphasis, aka italics, with *asterisks* or _underscores_.

Strong emphasis, aka bold, with **asterisks** or __underscores__.

Combined emphasis with **asterisks and _underscores_**.

Strikethrough uses two tildes. ~~Scratch this.~~

Inline `code` with `back-ticks around` it.

This is <mark>marked or highlighted</mark> text.

This is [an example](http://example.com) link.

## Tables

<div class="responsive-table">
  <table>
      <caption>Table with thead, tfoot, and tbody</caption>
    <thead>
      <tr>
        <th>Header content</th>
        <th>Header content</th>
        <th>Header content</th>
        <th>Header content</th>
      </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
      <tr>
        <td>Body content</td>
        <td>Body content</td>
        <td>Body content</td>
        <td>Body content</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>Body content</td>
        <td>Body content</td>
        <td>Body content</td>
        <td>Body content</td>
      </tr>
    </tbody>
    <tfoot>
      <tr>
        <td>Footer content</td>
        <td>Footer content</td>
    <td>Footer content</td>
    <td>Footer content</td>
      </tr>
    </tfoot>
  </table>
</div>
